Oxidation 3.4 Photoisomerization reactions A photoisomerization is the conversion of one isomer into another isomer by light. Functional groups are atoms arranged and bonded in a specific way. 9.1 Naming Alkynes. Types of Alkynes and Related Functional Groups. Alkenes & Alkynes Reactions Summary Sheets To print or download this file, click the link below: Alkene_Alkyne_Reactions.pdf — PDF document, 625 KB (640197 bytes) Concepts & Vocabulary. ; Geminal describes two groups on the same carbon atom. Markovnikov’s Rule: the addition of HX to the double bond of an alkene results in a product with the acidic proton bonded to the carbon which has the greater number of hydrogens. H3C H H3C H H3C CH3 H3C CH3 H3C H H3C H H Br H3C H H Br H H3C Br H Br Br H3C H H Br Br H3C Br Br CH3 H H3C H H H H3C CH3 HBr Br2 H2 Pd/CaCO3/Pb (Lindlar's cat.) Double elimination from dibromoalkanes to form alkynes and terminal acetylides used in many additional Polymerization 7. Higher temperatures increase the rates of elimination reactions A product with a more substituted double bond is more stable and thus more favorable If tert-butoxide is used, sterics must be considered to nd out which hydrogen it takes through the E2 reaction 6.5 Summary Note: It is debatable, but secondary molecules can have S Alkenes, Alkynes & Variations Beauchamp 3 y:\files\classes\Organic Chemistry Tool Chest\Reactions Lists\Org rxns summary, alkenes, -ynes, with mechs.doc b. Hydrogenation 3. Addition of alcohol 6. • Like alkenes, alkynes undergo addition reactions because they contain relatively weak πbonds. Methods for Making: Br HBr alkyl halides (Markovnikov alkyl halide) alkene (This is a big ; 9.3 Reactions of Alkynes … • To increase the surface area of the catalyst it is finely dispersed on an inert support such as charcoal (carbon, C) • Carbon-carbon p-bond of alkenes and alkynes … Follow IUPAC rules in naming alkynes. Summary Sheet: Alkene Addition Reactions Free Study Guide Here is a Comprehensive and a Beautiful PDF file of the Alkene Addition Reactions: The addition reactions of alkenes are the big start of going deep into Organic reaction mechanisms in the upcoming topics such as alkynes, radical reactions, aromatic compounds and most of the others. Photoisomerization 2. Created Date: 12/9/2008 1:29:58 PM 2.3 Reactions of Alkenes and Alkynes ⇒ Additions are the most common reactions using alkenes and alkynes Addition to: Alkene Alkyne Four major additions: 1) Addition of hydrogen halides 2) Halogenation : Reaction in which halogen is introduced into a molecule 3) Hydration : Reaction in which the elements of water (H and OH) are They determine the chemistry (and reaction) of every organic compound. The reaction is regiospecific: the product is formed from only one of the two possible orientations of addition. Addition of HC1 4. Alkanes When we combine the two (high bond enthalpy and being non-polar) this makes alkanes quite unreactive Alkanes don’t react with acids/bases or oxidizing agents This is a useful trait and alkanes are used as lubricating agents and the backbone of polymers But when the do react --- Look out! View Reaction Summary Handout (How Do I Make_).pdf from CHEM 30B at University of California, Los Angeles. Thus, the rate of the reaction is proportional to the surface area of the catalyst. 3.3 Chemical Reactions Of Alkenes 1. Thursday, February 9, 2012 Vicinal describes two groups on adjacent carbon atoms. 9.2 Preparation of Alkynes - Elimination Reactions of Dihalides. ; Alkynes can be prepared by two successive eliminations of HX from either vicinal or geminal dihalides. • Two sequential reactions can take place: addition of one equivalent of reagent forms an alkene, which can then add a second equivalent of reagent to yield a product having four new bonds. 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